Python Roadmap
Confused about what to learn and how to kick-start to become a Python developer? This roadmap outlines a comprehensive path to becoming a Python developer.
Python Roadmap
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Developed by Guido Van Rossum in 1991, Python is a general-purpose language for creating web and software applications, automating tasks, and analyzing and visualizing data.
To get started with Python, you need to learn the basics first.
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Python syntax is specially designed for code reliability. It eliminates the use of semicolons after the end of a statement and curly braces to delimit the code blocks. Instead, it leverages indentation, i.e., spaces, to define the scope of functions, loops, and classes.
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Indentation implies spaces at the beginning of a code statement. It is advisable to use whitespaces rather than tabs. Also, it indicates a block of code.
Python comments make code more readable and begin with ‘#’. There is no syntax for multi-line comments.Read:
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A Variable is any name assigned to a memory location or a container to store a data value. There is no command in Python to declare a variable.
A data type in Python represents the type of value you assign to a variable. There is no need to define the data type of a variable.Read:
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Type casting is a process of converting the data type of variable into another desired data type. Python supports implicit and explicit type casting.
While implicit type casting takes place automatically, explicit type casting requires user involvement.
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Operators in Python are used to perform operations on variables. Python supports Arithmetic operators, assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, identity operators, membership operators, and bitwise operators.
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Conditional statements or decision-making statements in Python are used to execute a specific block of code if the specified condition evaluates to true. Python comes with if, if-else, elif, nest if-else, and switch-case conditional statements.
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Python loops are used to execute a particular block of code a given number of times. Three types of loops supported by Python are for loop, while loop, and do-while loop.
A Python iterator is an object that navigates through all the values within the iterable objects, such as lists, dictionaries, tuples, and sets.
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A data structure is a way of storing and organizing data to make it easier to access and manipulate data. In python, there are built-in data structures, like lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, and booleans, making programming easier.
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1. Python for Data Structures, Algorithms, and Interviews!
2. Algorithms and Data Structures in Python (INTERVIEW Q & A)
3. The Complete Data Structures and Algorithms Course in Python
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A list stores a sequence of items with different data types in a single variable. Each item or element in a list has an index through which it can be accessed. However, the index starts from 0, i.e., the first element in a list has an index 0. All the elements of a list are enclosed within square brackets.
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A tuple is analogous to a list. The only difference is that elements cannot be changed once entered in a tuple. However, if data inside the tuple is mutable, it can be changed. The elements of a tuple are enclosed within parentheses.
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A dictionary stores data in the form of a key-value pair. It is an ordered collection of data whose data is changeable and does not allow duplicates. Key-value pairs are enclosed within curly brackets.
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A set in Python is a collection of unique unordered elements. If the data is entered twice in a set, it only takes it once. It is analogous to sets in arithmetic. In addition, items in a set are enclosed within curly braces.
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Booleans in Python represents one of the two values, i.e., either True or False. The primary purpose of Booleans is to represent the truth value of an expression. There is a bool() method that takes any value and returns the boolean value.
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Slicing is the process of extracting a part of a string, tuple, or list in Python. It lets users access a specific range of items by using their indexes.
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Functional programming is a programming paradigm with a declarative style. It tries to bind everything in the code in the pure mathematical functions style. It focuses on ‘what to solve’ rather than ‘how to solve’.
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Python comes with an array of built-in functions that are readily available for use. These functions have their functionality pre-defined in Python.
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Often called user-defined functions, custom functions are created by users to accomplish a specific task and are not predefined like built-in functions. To declare a function, Python provides the ‘def’ keyword.
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A lambda function in Python is any small anonymous function. It is a function without a name. It is defined using the ‘lambda’ keyword. In addition, it can have multiple arguments but only one expression.
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Decorators in Python are used to add new functionality to an existing code. It is often referred to as metaprogramming as one part of the code modifies the other during the compile time.
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Python closures are simply the inner functions enclosed within the outer function. They can access the variables present in the scope of the outer function, even if it completes its execution.
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Python generators are a simple approach to creating iterators. In general, a generator is a type of function that does not return any value. Instead, it returns an iterable object.
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Object-oriented is a programming paradigm that works on the basis of classes and objects. It binds data and functions that work on it together as a single unit.
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A class is a collection of objects, where an object is any real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object can be anything, such as a chair, table, mouse, keyboard, pen, etc.
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Inheritance refers to the ability of a class to inherit or derive the properties of another class. The class that derives the properties is the child class, and the class from which properties are inherited is the parent class.
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Polymorphism simply refers to multiple forms. In Python, polymorphism refers to the idea that methods in the child class have the same name as the methods in the parent class.
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Encapsulation is basically data hiding. It binds data and methods working with that data in a single unit. It restricts accessing variables and methods directly to prevent fortuitous changes to data.
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Data abstraction allows hiding unnecessary code details from the users. Also, it lets programmers hide the sensitive segments of the code implementation. In Python, it is achieved by creating abstract classes.
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Methods in Python are the reusable blocks of code defined inside a class. Python offers three types of methods: Instance Method, Class Method, and Static Method
Dunder methods or magic methods in Python begin and end with double underscores.
Modules and packages in Python encourage the ideal of modular programming. It is a technique of dividing large programming tasks into subtasks or modules.
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A module in Python is a simple file with the .py extension containing a set of functions and global variables.
A package in Python is a simple directory, which is a collection of multiple modules. Along with modules, it also contains the __init()__.py file. Basically, a package is a namespace.
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pip stands for Package Installer for Python, which is a de-facto system for installing and managing software packages in Python.
PyPI is an acronym for Python Package Index, which helps you find and install software developed and shared by the Python community. -
To import a package in a Python program, use the ‘import’ keyword followed by the package name. However, to import a specific module from the package, use the dot (.) operator followed by the module name after the package name.
Python provides several functions for handling files, i.e., creating, reading, updating, and deleting files.
Exceptions are unwanted events that interrupt the flow of a program. Python comes with many built-in exceptions to enable a program to execute without any interruption and provide the output.
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Python offers the read() and write() methods to read and write files. The read() method reads a string from an open file, while the write() method writes a string to an open file.
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A directory often referred to as a folder, is a collection of files and subdirectories. Python comes with the ‘os’ module to provide us with useful methods to work with directories.
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As there are built-in exceptions in Python, it provides developers with the ability to create custom exceptions. To do so, create a new class (Exception class) and derive it from the built-in ‘Exception’ class either directly or indirectly.
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Linux provides basic commands that help novices and seasoned programmers navigate through Linux with ease. Every Linux system comes with a command-line of one or the other types for running the basic Linux commands.
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Linux commands are categorized into various types, such as informational commands, management commands, file and directory commands, and many more. Practice these commands and gain hands-on experience.
Git and GitHub are two popular and significant technologies that every developer should learn. The former is an open-source version control system for keeping track of changes that a developer makes to a file over time. The latter is an online hosting service for Git repositories.
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Git comes with a command-line tool and various commands to make it easy for developers to work on local and remote repositories. Learning these commands offers great benefits to developers in managing their projects.
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A good GitHub profile actually impresses employers. Having a GitHub profile on your resume results in better chances of job opportunities. So, learning the working of GitHub can help you stand out from the crowd.
Being a versatile language, Python is used in developing a variety of applications and also for other purposes, such as web scraping, task automation, hacking, and data analysis and visualization.
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Web scraping is an automatic technique for retrieving large amounts of data from websites. Python makes web scraping a very easy and simple task with its libraries, such as Pandas and BeautifulSoup.
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Web Scraping in Python With BeautifulSoup and Selenium 2022
Modern Web Scraping with Python using Scrapy Splash Selenium
Web Scraping for Data Science-Python: BS4, Selenium & Scrapy
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Scripting is the act of giving instructions to computer systems that do not require compilation. Python is one of the best scripting languages helping developers create web applications and robust games.
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Python excels in web development. A lot of Python-based web frameworks are available out there, such as Django, Flask, CherryPy, Pyramid, web2py, etc., that facilitate the development of web projects.
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With the availability of a wide range of tools and libraries, Python has made its place in ethical hacking. Being able to develop small scripts in Python with a simple syntax, ethical hackers mostly prefer this language.
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Python excellently shines in data science as it comes with a plethora of libraries, including Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib, that accelerates the development of various data science applications and projects.
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The Data Science Course 2022: Complete Data Science Bootcamp
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Python’s code readability and simplicity enable developers to create complex and reliable AI and ML systems with ease. Also, a galore of libraries and frameworks, such as TensorFlow, Scikit-Learn, SciPy, Seaborn, etc., reduced the development time.
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Machine Learning, Data Science and Deep Learning with Python
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